The appearance of Krishna as one of the Avatars of Vishnu dates to the period of the Sanskrit epics in the early centuries CE. At this stage that Vishnu of the Rig Veda was assimilated into non-Vedic Krishnaism and became the equivalent of the Supreme God. Syncretism of various traditions and Vedism resulted in Vaishnavism. The "Greater Krsnaism", states Dandekar, then adopted the Rigvedic Vishnu as Supreme deity to increase its appeal towards orthodox elements. According to Dandekar, such mergers consolidated the position of Krishnaism between the heterodox sramana movement and the orthodox Vedic religion. The character of Gopala Krishna is often considered to be non-Vedic. This was followed by a merger with the cult of Gopala-Krishna of the cowherd community of the Abhıras in the 4th century CE. Later, Vāsudeva was amalgamated with Krishna "the deified tribal hero and religious leader of the Yadavas", to form the merged deity Bhagavan Vāsudeva-Krishna, due to the close relation between the tribes of the Vrishnis and the Yadavas. It initially formed around Vāsudeva, a deified leader of the Vrishnis, and one of the Vrishni heroes. Īccording to Dandekar, what is understood today as Vaishnavism did not originate in Vedism at all, but emerged from the merger of several popular theistic traditions which developed after the decline of Vedism at the end of the Vedic period, closely before the second urbanisation of northern India, in the 7th to 4th century BCE. According to Preciado-Solís, there are other Vedic deities, such as water deity Nara (also mentioned as Narayana-Purusha in the Brahmanas layer of the Vedas), who together form the historical roots of Vaishnavism. According to Dalal, the origins may be in Vedic deity Bhaga, who gave rise to Bhagavatism. Although Vishnu was a Vedic solar deity, he is mentioned less often compared to Agni, Indra, and other Vedic deities, thereby suggesting that he had a minor position in the Vedic religion. The ancient emergence of Vaishnavism is unclear, the evidence inconsistent and scanty. See also: Vāsudeva Krishna and Bala Krishna 6 Vaishnavism versus other Hindu traditions.5.1 Four sampradayas and other traditions.Key texts in Vaishnavism include the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, the Pancaratra (Agama) texts, Naalayira Divya Prabhandham and the Bhagavata Purana. Ramananda (14th century) created a Rama-oriented movement, now the largest monastic group in Asia. It has four main categories of sampradayas (denominations, sub-schools): the medieval-era Vishishtadvaita school of Ramanuja, the Dvaita school of Madhvacharya, the Dvaitadvaita school of Nimbarkacharya, and the Pushtimarg of Vallabhacharya. The Vaishnavite tradition is known for the loving devotion to an avatar of Vishnu (often Krishna), and as such has been key to the spread of the Bhakti movement in South Asia in the 2nd millennium CE. Rama, Krishna, Narayana, Kalki, Hari, Vithoba, Venkateswara, Shrinathji, and Jagannath are among the names of popular avatars all seen as different aspects of the same supreme being. In the early centuries CE, the tradition was finalized as Vaishnavism, when it developed the avatar doctrine, wherein the aligned deities are revered as distinct incarnations of supreme Vedic God Vishnu. Non-Vedic roots are found in a merger of several popular non-Vedic theistic traditions such as the cult of Vāsudeva-Krishna and Gopala-Krishna., which developed in the 7th to 4th century BCE. It has 1st millennium BCE Vedic roots in the Vedic deity Bhaga, who gave rise to Bhagavatism, and in the Vedic water deity Nara c.q. The ancient emergence of Vaishnavism is unclear, and broadly hypothesized as a fusion of Vedic deities with various regional non-Vedic religions. Its followers are called Vaishnavites or Vaishnavas ( IAST: Vaiṣṇava), and it also includes some other sub-sects like Krishnaism and Ramaism, which consider Krishna and Rama as the Supreme Being respectively. It is also called Vishnuism since it considers Vishnu as the Supreme Being, i.e. According to a 2010 estimate by Johnson and Grim, the Vaishnava tradition is the largest group within Hinduism, constituting about 641 million or 67.6% of Hindus. Vaishnavism ( Sanskrit: वैष्णवसम्प्रदायः, Vaiṣṇāsmpradāyaḥ) is one of the major Hindu denominations along with Shaivism, Shaktism, and Smartism.
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